اثرات دُزهای کاهش یافته بروموکسینیل+تو، فور-دی و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) در رقابت با پنیرک (Malva neglecta Wallr.)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان

2 فردوسی مشهد

3 استادیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان

چکیده

درک ارتباط بین کود و علف‌کش در شرایط وجود رقابت میان محصول و علف‌هرز قادر است به عنوان ابزاری جهت پیش‌بینی عملکرد محصول و کمک به تصمیم گیری برای کاربرد بهینه کود نیتروژن و علف‌کش باشد. با این هدف آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان در پاییز سال 1395 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل کود نیتروژن به عنوان کرت‌های اصلی در 5 سطح 0، 75، 150، 225 و 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع کود اوره و دُز علف‌کش بروموکسنیل+ تو، فور-دی به عنوان کرت‌های فرعی در پنج سطح 0، 25/0، 5/0، 75/0 و 1 برابر دز توصیه شده (5/1 لیتر در هکتار) بود. تراکم علف‌هرز پنیرک به تعداد 50 بوته در متر مربع در تمامی کرت‌ها ثابت نگه داشته شد. همچنین، برای توصیف عملکرد گندم از مدل سیگموئیدی چهار پارامتری و برای توصیف تغییرات تعداد و وزن بذر علف هرز پنیرک در دزهای کاهش یافته علف‌کش و سطوح مختلف کود اوره از معادله توانی سه پارامتری استفاده شد. عملکرد دانه گندم در پاسخ به افزایش دُز علف‌کش و کاهش توان رقابتی پنیرک در سطوح مختلف مصرف کود اوره افزایش نشان داد. بر اساس پیش‌بینی مدل ترکیبی، با کاربرد 300 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار به همراه 375/0، 60/0، 75/0، 05/1، 35/1 و 5/1 لیتر در هکتار علف‌کش، عملکرد دانه به ترتیب 202، 277، 329، 408، 443 و 450 گرم در متر مربع برآورد شد. تعداد بذر پنیرک در شرایط مصرف مقادیر بیشتر کود نیتروژن و دُزهای کمتر بروموکسینیل+ تو، ‌فو‌ر-‌دی‌ در حداکثر و در شرایط مصرف مقادیر کم کود نیتروژن و دُزهای بیشتر بروموکسینیل+ تو، فور-دی در حداقل بود. وزن بذر پنیرک در شرایط بدون مصرف علف‌کش برای هر یک از سطوح مختلف نیتروژن بین 78/4 تا 87/35 گرم در متر مربع و برای تعداد بذر پنیرک تولید شده در شرایط بدون مصرف علف‌کش برای هر یک از سطوح کود نیتروژن بین 95/1915 تا 76/16540 بذر پنیرک در متر مربع بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه گندم (40/515 گرم در متر مربع) با مصرف 225 کیلوگرم اوره همراه با مصرف 1 لیتر علف‌کش بروموکسنیل+ تو، فور-دی در هکتار به دست آمد. همچنین سطوح بالاتر کود اوره باعث کاهش عملکرد دانه گندم شد؛ این درحالی است که سطوح بالاتر اوره باعث افزایش تعداد و وزن بذر پنیرک شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Reduced Doses of Bromoxynil + 2, 4-D and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Yield in Competition with Common Mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kazem Boazar 1
  • Abdolreza Siahpoosh 3
1 Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan
2
3 Assistant professor of agronomy, Production Engineering and Plant Genetics,, Department, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Modeling fertilizer-herbicide relationship is helpful to minimize the competition of weeds with crops. The goal of present study was to develop the empirical models for predicting crop yield, number and weight of common mallow seed using integrated dose-response curves of herbicide and fertilizer application.
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted in split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2017 growing season. Experimental factors were N-fertilizer as main plot at 5 levels (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg ha-1 of urea) and dose of bromoxynil+2, 4-D as sub plot at 5 levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 100% rate of recommended dose (1.5 L ha-1)). Common mallow density (50 plant m-2) was fixed in all plots and wheat sowing density was 350 plant m-2. The wheat cultivar was Chamran 2. Spraying was carried out using a 20-liter rechargeable Matabi back Sprayer equipped with a nozzle (11003) and a pressure of 2 bar (calibrated based on 200 to 300 liters of water per hectare) in the post-emergence stage at the middle of the wheat tillering stage (6-4 The leaf of the common mallow). Half of the nitrogen fertilizer was applied at sowing stage and the other half was distributed in the middle of the wheat tillage stage. The plants were then cut at surface and dried in oven (75 °C) and weighted. The four parameters sigmoid model was used to assess wheat and common mallow yield response to herbicide reduced dose and N fertilizer. The three parameters power model was also applied to explain the change of mallow number and weight in response to reduced herbicide dose and different levels of N-fertilizer application.
Results and Discussion: Wheat grain yield increased in response to increasing herbicide dose and reducing the competitive ability of common mallow in different levels of urea fertilizer application. The grain yield was equal to 202, 277, 329, 408, 443 and 450 g m-2, when 300 kg of urea fertilizer ha-1 with 0.375, 0.60, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35 and 1.50 L ha-1 of the recommended dose of herbicide was employed, respectively. Moreover, the dose required to reduce 50% of the weed competition effects on wheat grain yield was decreasing in urea fertilizer levels. The results showed that the higher levels of urea fertilizer decreased wheat grain yield, but increased the number and weight of the common mallow seeds. The number of common mallow seeds was maximum for the higher levels of urea fertilizer and lesser doses of bromoxynil+2, 4-D, was minimum under low urea fertilizer consumption and the higher levels of bromoxynil+2, 4-D. The density of common mallow seeds under no-herbicide conditions ranged from 4.78 to 35.87 g m-2 for each urea fertilizer level. The number of common mallow seeds produced under no-herbicide application varied between 1915.95 and 16540.76 seeds per m-2 for each fertilizer level. However, in the case of higher doses of bromoxynil+2, 4-D, weight and seed number of common mallow showed a decreasing trend. Thus, under no-herbicide condition, common mallow produced much more seeds when higher N-fertilizer rates were applied. Application of 300 kg of urea ha-1 without herbicide application led to the highest common mallow seed number and weight and the lowest wheat yield. The greatest wheat yield (i.e. 515.40 g m-2) was obtained by consuming 225 kg of urea ha-1 along with 1 L ha-1 bromoxynil+2,4-D. In addition, the higher urea fertilizer levels reduced wheat grain yield, but increased the common mallow seed number and weight.
Conclusion: Increasing the competitive ability of weeds, application of high N-fertilizer rate results in a larger yield loss. However, herbicide application with the application of high N-fertilizer is highly likely to control weed, causing an increase in wheat yield. The combined model helps to lessen the herbicide and fertilizer application.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Combined model
  • Competitive ability
  • herbicide reduced dose
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